Popular Schemes 2

 Indira Aawas Yojna  

IAY is the flagship rural housing scheme which is being implemented by the Government of India with an aim of providing shelter to the poor below poverty line. The Government of India has decided that allocation of funds under IAY (Indira Awas Yojna)will be on the basis of poverty ratio and housing shortage.

Objective: 

The objective of IAY is primarily to help construction of new dwelling units as well as conversion of unserviceable kutcha houses into pucca/semi-pucca by members of SC/STs, freed bonded labourers and also non-SC/ST rural poor below the poverty line by extending them grant-in-aid.

Scope: 

IAY is a beneficiary-oriented programme aimed at providing houses for SC/ST households who are victims of atrocities, households headed by widows/unmarried women and SC/ST households who are below the poverty line. This scheme has been in effect from 1st April, 1999.

Funding:

IAY is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme funded on cost sharing basis between the Govt. of India and the States in the ratio of 75:25 respectively.

Strategy:

Grant of Rs. 20,000/- per unit is provided in the plain areas and Rs. 22,000/- in hilly/difficult areas for the construction of a house. For conversion of a kutcha house into in pucca house, Rs. 10,000/- is provided. Sanitary laterines and chulahs are integral part of the house. In construction/upgradation of the house, cost effective and enviornment friendly technologies, materials and designs are encouraged. The household is alloted in the name of a female member of beneficiary household.

How to Seek Assistance:

The person concerned should contact the Village Panchayat or Village Level Worker or the Block Development Officer or District Rural Development Agency.

 DRDA Administration  

District Rural Development Agency (DRDA) has traditionally been the principal organ at the District level to oversee the implementation of the anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development. Created originally for implementation of Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP), the DRDAs were subsequently entrusted with a number of programmes, both of the Central and State Governments. Since inception, the administrative costs of the DRDA (District Rural Development Agency) were met by setting aside a part of the allocations for each programme. Of late, the number of programmes had increased and several programmes have been restructured with a view to making them more effective. While an indicative staffing structure was provided to the DRDAs, experience showed that there was no uniformity in the staffing structure. It is in this context that a new centrally sponsored scheme - DRDA Administration - has been introduced from 1st April, 1999 based on the recommendations of an inter-ministerial committee known as Shankar Committee. The new scheme replaces the earlier practice of allocating percentage of programme funds to the administrative costs.

Objective: 

The objective of the scheme of DRDA (District Rural Development Agency) Administration is to strengthen the DRDAs and to make them more professional and effective. Under the scheme, DRDA is visualised as specialised agency capable of managing anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry on the one hand and effectively relate these to the overall efforts of poverty eradication in the district on the other.

Funding:

The funding pattern of the programme will be in the ratio of 75:25 between the Centre and the States.

Strategy:

The DRDA will continue to watch over and ensure effective utilisation of the funds intended for anti-poverty programmes. It will need to develop distinctive capabilities for poverty eradication. It will perform tasks which are different from Panchayati Raj Institutions and line departments. The DRDAs would deal only with the anti-poverty programmes of the Ministry of Rural Development. If DRDAs are to be entrusted with programmes of other Ministries or those of the State Governments, it must be ensured that these have a definite anti-poverty focus. In respect of such States where DRDA does not have a separate identity and separate accounts.

Basic Minimum Services

The Government of India launched this scheme in 1997 incorporating seven vital services of importance to common people. The State Government has opted to provide shelter to shelter-less below poverty line under this scheme.

Objective: 

The objective of providing this scheme is to supplement the constitution of dwelling units for members of SC/ST, freed bonded labour and also non-SC/ST rural poor below the poverty line by providing them with grant.

Funding:

The Central Government provides additional funds for Basic Minimum Services subject to the condition that the State Government will provide 15% of the required funds.

Execution:

Additional Indira Awas are being constructed with the guidelines analogous to that for the Awas Yojana. The salient features are: Rs. 20,000/- is provided to the beneficiaries for construction of the houses in phases. Sanitary latrines and smokeless chulah are integral part of the houses.

Houses are allotted in the name of female members of the family or in joint names of both spouses.

Selection of construction technology, materials and design is left entirely to the choice of beneficiaries. Contractors, Middlemen or the Departmental Agencies have no role in the construction of houses.

Cost effective and environment friendly housing technologies/design and materials are provided.

Achievement:

A sum of Rs 364.07 crores and Rs 383.32 crores were allocated during 1997-98 & 1998-99, and a sum of Rs 419.04 crores is to be allocated during 1999-2000, which have led to completion of over three lakh houses upto December 1999.

Contact Info:

Village Panchayat/BDO/DRDA maybe contacted for details.

Christmas Plum Pudding

INGREDIENTS

• For pudding
• 1 cup butter, softened
• 1 cup brown sugar
• 3 eggs
• 1 cup all purpose flour
• 1 teaspoon baking powder
• 1 cup coarsely chopped mixed dry fruits and nuts, soaked in brandy or rum

To serve

• Whipped cream
• Miscellaneous
• Steamer
• Pudding mould
• Aluminium foil

METHOD

• Heat water in a steamer.
• In a large mixing bowl, cream butter and sugar till light and fluffy. Add the eggs one at a time, beating well after each addition.
• In a fresh mixing bowl, sift flour with baking powder.
• Add flour mixture to egg mixture in small batches, folding it in gently but quickly. Reserve 2 tablespoons of flour.
• Add soaked fruit and nut mixture to reserved flour and mix well. Add to the egg-flour batter and mix well.
• Grease the pudding mould well and pour in prepared batter. Cover tightly with aluminium foil and pierce 4 to 5 holes using the tip of a knife. Place in the steamer and steam for 45 minutes to an hour or till pudding is cooked through. To test, insert knife in the centre of pudding. If knife comes clean, remove pudding from steamer, cool for a few minutes before demoulding.
• Serve warm with whipped cream.

One Meal Soup

Ingredients 1/4 cup yellow moong dal (split yellow gram)
2 onions , cut into big pieces
2 potatoes , cut into big pieces
2 tbsp finely chopped cauliflower
1/4 cup finely chopped carrots
1 tsp oil
1/4 tsp salt
freshly ground black pepper (kalimirch) powder powder to taste

Other Ingredients 2 tbsp finely chopped dill (shepu / suva bhaji)
2 tbsp lemon juice to serve

 
Preparation Method Clean and wash the moong dal and keep aside.
Heat the oil in a pressure cooker, add the onions and potatoes and sauté for a few minutes.
Add the moong dal and 4 cups of water and pressure cook for 6 to 8 whistles.
Add the cauliflower and carrots and simmer till the vegetables are tender.
Add the salt and pepper and simmer for another minute.
Just before serving add the dill and lemon juice.
Serve hot.

New prosthetic arm controlled by neural messages

Date:

August 6, 2014

Source:

Investigación y Desarrollo.

A new design aims to identify the memory of movement in the amputee's brain in order to manipulate the prosthetic device.

Controlling a prosthetic arm by just imagining a motion may be possible through the work of Mexican scientists at the Centre for Research and Advanced Studies (CINVESTAV), who work in the development of an arm replacement to identify movement patterns from brain signals.

First, it is necessary to know if there is a memory pattern to remember in the amputee's brain in order to know how it moved and, thus, translating it to instructions for the prosthesis," says Roberto Muñoz Guerrero, researcher at the Department of Electrical Engineering and project leader at Cinvestav.

He explains that the electric signal won't come from the muscles that form the stump, but from the movement patterns of the brain. "If this phase is successful, the patient would be able to move the prosthesis by imagining different movements."

However, Muñoz Guerrero acknowledges this is not an easy task because the brain registers a wide range of activities that occur in the human body and from all of them, the movement pattern is tried to be drawn. "Therefore, the first step is to recall the patterns in the EEG and define there the memory that can be electrically recorded. Then we need to evaluate how sensitive the signal is to other external shocks, such as light or blinking."

Regarding this, it should be noted that the prosthesis could only be used by individuals who once had their entire arm and was amputated because some accident or illness. Patients were able to move the arm naturally and stored in their memory the process that would apply for the use of the prosthesis.

According to the researcher, the prosthesis must be provided with a mechanical and electronic system, the elements necessary to activate it and a section that would interpret the brain signals. "Regarding the material with which it must be built, it has not yet been fully defined because it must weigh between two and three kilograms, which is similar to the missing arm's weight."

The unique prosthesis represents a new topic in bioelectronics called BCI (Brain Computer Interface), which is a direct communication pathway between the brain and an external device in order to help or repair sensory and motor functions. "An additional benefit is the ability to create motion paths for the prosthesis, which is not possible with commercial products," says Muñoz Guerrero.

Popular Schemes

Swarnajayanti Gram Swarojgar Yojna

This programme was launched in April, 1999. This is a holistic programme covering all aspects of self employment such as organisation of the poor into self help groups, training, credit, technology, infrastructure and MARKETING. Objective: The objective of SGSY is to provide sustainable income to the rural poor. The programme aims at establishing a large number of micro-enterprises in the rural areas, based upon the potential of the rural poor. It is envisaged that every family assisted under SGSY will be brought above the poverty-line with in a period of three years. Scope: This programme covers families below poverty line in rural areas of the country. Within this target group, special safeguards have been provided by reserving 50% of benefits for SCs/STs, 40% for women and 3% for physically handicapped persons. Subject to the availability of the FUNDS, it is proposed to cover 30% of the rural poor in each block in the next 5 years. FUNDING: SGSY is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme and funding is shared by the Central and State Governments in the ratio of 75:25 respectively. Strategy: SGSY is a Credit-cum-Subsidy programme. It covers all aspects of self-employment, such as organisation of the poor into self-help groups, training, credit technology, infrastructure and MARKETING. Efforts would be made to involve women members in each self-help group. SGSY lays emphasis on activity clusters. Four-five activities will be identified for each block with the approval of Panchayat Samities. The Gram sabha will authenticate the list of families below the poverty line identified in BPL census. Identification of individual families suitable for each key activity will be made through a participatory process. Closer attention will be paid on skill development of the beneficiaries, known as swarozgaris, and their technology and marketing needs. How to Seek Assistance: For assistance under the programme, District Rural Development Agencies and Block Development Officers may be contacted.

Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojna

The critical importance of rural infrastructure in the development of village economy is well known. A number of steps have been initiated by the Central as well as the State Governments for building the rural infrastructure. The public works programme have also contributed significantly in this direction. Objective: Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna (JGSY) is the restructured, streamlined and comprehensive version of the erstwhile Jawahar Rozagar Yojana. Designed to improve the quality of life of the poor, JGSY has been launched on 1st April, 1999. The primary objective of the JGSY is the creation of demand driven community village infrastructure including durable assets at the village level and assets to enable the rural poor to increase the opportunities for sustained employment. The secondary objective is the generation of supplementary employment for the unemployed poor in the rural areas. The wage employment under the programme shall be given to Below Poverty Line(BPL) families. Scope: JGSY is implemented entirely at the village Panchayat level. Village Panchayat is the sole authority for preparation of the Annual Plan and its implementation. FUNDING: The programme will be implemented as Centrally Sponsored Scheme on cost SHARING basis between the Centre and the State in the ratio of 75:25 respectively. Strategy: The programme is to be implemented by the Village Panchayats with the approval of Gram sabha. No other administrative or technical approval will be required. For works/schemes costing more than 50,000/-, after taking the approval of the Gram Sabah, the Village Panchayat shall seek the technical/administrative approval of appropriate authorities. Panchayats may spend upto 15% of allocation on maintenance of assets created under the programme within its geographical boundary. 22.5% of JGSY FUNDS have been enmarked for individual beneficiary schemes for SC/STs. 3% of annual allocation would be utilised for creation of barrier free infrastructure for the disabled. The funds to the Village Panchayats will be allocated on the basis of the population. The upper ceiling of 10,000 population has been removed. How to Seek Assistance: Village Pradhan, Panchayat members, Block Development Officer, District Collector or District Rural Development Agency may be contacted.

Nanoshaping method points to future manufacturing technology

Date:

December 11, 2014

Source:

Purdue University

    A new method that creates large-area patterns of three-dimensional nanoshapes from metal sheets represents a potential manufacturing system to inexpensively mass produce innovations such as "plasmonic metamaterials" for advanced technologies.

The metamaterials have engineered surfaces that contain features, patterns or elements on the scale of nanometers that enable unprecedented control of light and could bring innovations such as high-speed electronics, advanced sensors and solar cells.

The new method, called laser shock imprinting, creates shapes out of the crystalline forms of metals, potentially giving them ideal mechanical and optical properties using a bench-top system capable of mass producing the shapes inexpensively

Findings are detailed in a research paper appearing Friday (Dec. 12) in the journal Science. The paper is authored by researchers from Purdue University, Harvard University, Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies, and the University of California, San Diego. The research is led by Gary Cheng, an associate professor of industrial engineering at Purdue.

The shapes, which include nanopyramids, gears, bars, grooves and a fishnet pattern, are too small to be seen without specialized imaging instruments and are thousands of times thinner than the width of a human hair. The researchers used their technique to stamp nanoshapes out of titanium, aluminum, copper, gold and silver.

A key benefit of the shock-induced forming is sharply defined corners and vertical features, or high-fidelity structures.

"These nanoshapes also have extremely smooth surfaces, which is potentially very advantageous for commercial applications," Cheng said. "Traditionally it has been really difficult to deform a crystalline material into a nanomold much smaller than the grain size of starting materials, and due to the size effects the materials are super-strong when grain size has to be reduced to very small sizes. Therefore, it is very challenging to generate metal flow into nanomolds with high-fidelity 3-D shaping."

The researchers also created hybrid structures that combine metal with graphene, an ultrathin sheet of carbon promising for various technologies. Such a hybrid material could enhance the plasmonic effect and bring "metamaterial perfect absorbers," or MPAs, which have potential applications in optoelectronics and wireless communications.

"We can generate nanopatterns on metal-graphene hybrid materials, which opens new ways to pattern 2-D crystals," Cheng said.

The technique works by using a pulsed laser to generate "high strain rate" imprinting of metals into the nanomold.

"We start with a metal thin film, and we can deform it into 3-D nanoshapes patterned over large areas," Cheng said. "What is more interesting is that the resulting 3-D nanostructures are still crystalline after the imprinting process, which provides good electromagnetic and optical properties."

Whereas other researchers have created nanoshapes out of relatively soft or amorphous materials, the new research shows how to create nanoshapes out of hard and crystalline metals.

The silicon nanomolds were fabricated at the Birck Nanotechnology Center in Purdue's Discovery Park by a research group led by Minghao Qi, an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering.

"It is counter-intuitive to use silicon for molds because it is a pretty brittle material compared to metals," Qi said. "However, after we deposit an ultrathin layer of aluminum oxide on the nanomolds, it performs extremely well for this purpose. The nanomolds could be reused many times without obvious damage. Part of the reason is that although the strain rate is very high, the shock pressure applied is only about 1-2 gigapascals."

The shapes were shown to have an "aspect ratio" as high as 5, meaning the height is five times greater than the width, an important feature for the performance of plasmonic metamaterials.

"It is a very challenging task from a fabrication point of view to create ultra-smooth, high-fidelity nanostructures," Qi says. "Normally when metals recrystallize they form grains and that makes them more or less rough. Previous trials to form metal nanostructures have had to resort to very high pressure imprinting of crystalline metals or imprinting amorphous metal, which either yields high roughness in crystalline metals or smooth surfaces in amorphous metals but very high electrical resistance. For potential applications in nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and plasmonics you want properties such as high precision, low electromagnetic loss, high electrical and thermal conductivity. You also want it to be very high fidelity in terms of the pattern, sharp corners, vertical sidewalls, and those are very difficult to obtain. Before Gary's breakthrough, I thought it unlikely to achieve all of the good qualities together."

The paper was authored by Purdue doctoral students Huang Gao, Yaowu Hu, Ji Li, and Yingling Yang; researcher Ramses V. Martinez from Harvard and Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies; Purdue research assistant professor Yi Xuan, Purdue research associate Chunyu Li; Jian Luo, a professor at the University of California, San Diego; Qi and Cheng.

Future research may focus on using the technique to create a roll-to-roll manufacturing system, which is used in many industries including paper and sheet-metal production and may be important for new applications such as flexible electronics and solar cells.

The work was supported by the National Science Foundation, National Institutes of Health, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Office of Naval Research and the National Research Council.

Story Source:

The above story is based on materials provided by Purdue University. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.

Journal Reference:

H. Gao, Y. Hu, Y. Xuan, J. Li, Y. Yang, R. V. Martinez, C. Li, J. Luo, M. Qi, G. J. Cheng. Large-scale nanoshaping of ultrasmooth 3D crystalline metallic structures. Science, 2014; 346 (6215): 1352 DOI: 10.1126/science.1260139

Spanish & Cottage Cheese Sandwich

Ingredients

8 slices of bread
1 cup chopped spinach
1 cup grated paneer
4 cloves of garlic
1 Onion
1 capsicum
1 tsp Jeera
Salt to taste
Pepper to taste
A few coriander leaves
Butter

Preparation method
Heat butter in a pan
Add jeera. Let it crackle. Then add chopped onion and garlic and sauté it till onions turn soft
Add chopped bell pepper and fry it for 2 minutes.
Add the chopped spinach, along with a little water and let this cook till the spinach is done.
Add grated paneer, chopped coriander leaves, salt and pepper and mix well
Keep this filling aside.
Place a little of the filling prepared above on a bread slice and cover it with another bread slice
Grill it or toast it on the stove top.

Serving Suggestions
Serving 4

Engineer Applies Robot Control Theory to Improve Prosthetic Legs

Dec. 4, 2014

A University of Texas at Dallas professor applied robot control theory to enable powered prosthetics to dynamically respond to the wearer’s environment and help amputees walk.

In research available online and in an upcoming print issue of IEEE Transactions on Robotics, wearers of the robotic leg could walk on a moving treadmill almost as fast as an able-bodied person.

“We borrowed from robot control theory to create a simple, effective new way to analyze the human gait cycle,” said Dr. Robert Gregg, a faculty member in the Erik Jonsson School of Engineering and Computer Science and lead author of the paper. “Our approach resulted in a method for controlling powered prostheses for amputees to help them move in a more stable, natural way than current prostheses.”

Humanoid robots can walk, run, jump and climb stairs autonomously, but modern prosthetics limit similar actions in humans. While prosthetics have been made lighter and more flexible, they fail to mimic the power generated from human muscles in able-bodied individuals. Powered prostheses, or robotic legs, have motors to generate force, but lack the intelligence to stably respond to disturbances or changing terrain.

Control engineers view the human gait cycle through the lens of time — the interval at which each movement in the walking cycle needs to occur. Gregg, an assistant professor of bioengineering and mechanical engineering, proposed a new way to view and study the process of human walking: measuring a single variable that represents the motion of the body. In this study, that variable was the center of pressure on the foot, which moves from heel to toe through the gait cycle.

“The gait cycle is a complicated phenomenon with lots of joints and muscles working together,” Gregg said. “We used advanced mathematical theorems to simplify the entire gait cycle down to one variable. If you measure that variable, you know exactly where you are in the gait cycle and exactly what you should be doing.”

“We did not tell the prosthesis that the treadmill speed was increasing. The prosthesis responded naturally just as the biological leg would do.”

Dr. Robert Gregg,

assistant professor of mechanical engineering and bio engineering

Gregg first tested his theory on computer models, and then with three above-knee amputee participants at the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, an affiliate of Northwestern University. He implemented his algorithms with sensors measuring the center of pressure on a powered prosthesis. Inputted with only the user’s height, weight and dimension of the residual thigh into his algorithm, the prosthesis was configured for each subject in about 15 minutes. Subjects then walked on the ground and on a treadmill moving at increasing speeds.

“We did not tell the prosthesis that the treadmill speed was increasing. The prosthesis responded naturally just as the biological leg would do,” Gregg said.

The participants were able to move at speeds of more than 1 meter per second; the typical walking speed of fully able-bodied people is about 1.3 meters per second, Gregg said. The participants also reported exerting less energy than with their traditional prostheses.

Gregg said current powered prosthetic devices require a team of physical rehabilitation specialists spending significant amounts of time tuning hundreds of knobs and training each powered leg to the individual wearer.

“Our approach unified multiple modes of operation into one and resulted in technology that could help people in the future,” he said. “That and the feedback from participants were very rewarding.”

Gregg said the next step in the research will be to compare results of experiments with robotic legs using both the time paradigm and center of pressure paradigm.

Researchers from the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Northwestern University and the University of New Brunswick were also involved in the study.

The work was funded by the United States Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity, the Burroughs Wellcome Fund and the National Institutes of Health through the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

KNOW YOUR P.M

The Prime Minister of India, as addressed to in the Constitution of India, is the chief of government, chief adviser to the President of India, head of the Council of Ministers and the leader of the majority party in the parliament. The prime minister leads the executive branch of the Government of India. The incumbent Prime Minister of India is Narendra Modi of the Bharatiya Janata Party.

The prime minister is the senior member of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system. The prime minister selects and can dismiss other members of the cabinet; allocates posts to members within the Government; is the presiding member and chairman of the cabinet and is responsible for bringing proposal of legislation. The resignation or death of the prime minister dissolves the cabinet.

The prime minister is appointed by the president to assist the latter in the administration of the affairs of the executive.

Role and power of the prime minister

The prime minister leads the functioning and exercise of authority of the Government of India. He is invited by the President of India in the Parliament of India as leader of the majority party to form a government at the federal level (known as Central or Union Government in India) and exercise its powers. In practice the prime minister nominates the members of their Council of Ministers to the president. They also work upon to decide a core group of Ministers (known as the Cabinet) as in-charge of the important functions and ministries of the Government of India.

The prime minister is responsible for aiding and advising the president in distribution of work of the Government to various ministries and offices and in terms of the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961. The co-ordinating work is generally allocated to the Cabinet Secretariat While generally the work of the Government is divided into various Ministries, the prime minister may retain certain portfolios if they are not allocated to any member of the cabinet.

The prime minister, in consultation with the Cabinet, schedules and attends the sessions of the Houses of Parliament and is required to answer the question from the Members of Parliament to them as the in-charge of the portfolios in the capacity as Prime Minister of India.

Some specific ministries/department are not allocated to anyone in the cabinet but the prime minister himself. The prime minister is usually always in-charge/head of:

• Appointments Committee of the Cabinet;
• Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions;
• Ministry of Planning;
• Department of Atomic Energy; and
• Department of Space.

The prime minister represents the country in various delegations, high level meetings and international organisations that require the attendance of the highest government office and also addresses to the nation on various issues of national or other importance.

Also given are the details of their tenure since independence:

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Jawaharlal Nehru

Tenure – 15th Aug 1947 – 27th May 1964 for 16 years, 286 days

Jawaharlal Nehru is the first Prime Minister of independent India and played a significant role in shaping modern India by imparting modern values and thinking. He was a social reformer and one of his major work towards society was the reform of the ancient Hindu civil code. It permitted Hindu widow to enjoy equal right with men as far as property and inheritance was concerned.

Gulzarilal Nanda

Tenure – 27 May 1964 – 9th June 1964 for 13 days

Tenure – 11th January 1966 – 24th January 1966 for 13 days

He was the first ‘Interim Prime Minister’ of India.

Lal Bahadur Shastri

Tenure – 9th June 1964 – 11 January 1966 for 1 year, 216 days

He was the loyal follower of Mahatma Gandhi and gave the popular slogan ‘Jai Jawan Jai Kisan’. Shastri was a soft-spoken person who promoted ‘White Revolution’ to increase the production of milk in India.

Indira Gandhi

Tenure – 24th January 1966 – 24th March 1977 for 11 years, 59 days

Tenure – 14th January 1980 – 31st October 1984 for 4 years, 291 days

Indira Gandhi was the first woman Prime Minister of India and the world’s longest serving woman Prime Minister. Her courage and boldness made India win over Pakistan in 1971. She made a significant contribution in improving international relations with neighbouring countries.

JANATA PARTY

Morarji Desai

Tenure – 24th March 1977 – 28th July 1979 for 2 years, 126 days

Morarji Desai is the first non Congress Prime Minister of India. He and his minister formally ended the state of emergency which was imposed by Indira Gandhi.

JANATA Party (SECULAR)

Charan Singh

Tenure – 28th July 1979 – 14th January 1980 for 170 days

As a Revenue Minister of Uttar Pradesh Charan Singh removed the Zamindari system and brought in Land Reform Acts.

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Rajiv Gandhi

Tenure – 31st October 1984 – 2nd December 1989 for 5 years, 32 days

Rajiv Gandhi became Prime Minister at the age of 40 and played a major role in bringing computers to India. He actually modernized the Indian administration. He improved the bilateral relationships with the US and expanded economic cooperation.

JANATA DAL

V.P. Singh

Tenure – 2nd December 1989 – 10th November 1990 for 343 days

V.P. Singh worked to improve the condition of poor in the country.

SAMAJWADI JANATA PARTY

Chandra Shekhar

Tenure – 10th November 1990 to 21st June 1991 for 223 days

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

P. V. Narasimha Rao

Tenure – 21st June 1991 – 16th May 1996 for 4 years 330 days

P. V. Narasimha Rao was one of the most able administrators who brought major economic reforms. He is also known as the Father of Indian Economic Reforms. He dismantled the License Raj and reversed the socialist policies of Rajiv Gandhi’s government. Because of his immense ability he was also referred to as Chanakya.

BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY

Atal Bihari Vajpayee

Tenure – 16th May 1996 – 1st June 1996 for 16 days

Tenure –19th March 1998 – 22nd May 2004 for 6 years 64 days

Atal Bihari Vajpayee was one of the finest Prime Ministers of India. During his tenure the inflation was very low in India. He worked on economic reforms and policies especially for rural India. It was during his tenure that India Pakistan relationship got slightly better. Telecom industry touched new heights.

JANATA DAL

H. D. Deve Gowda

Tenure – 1st June 1996 – 21st April 1997 for 324 days

During this period, Deve Gowda also held additional charges of Home Affairs, Petroleum and Chemicals, Urban Employment, Food processing, Personnel, etc. He had been collectively elected leader of the United Front coalition government.

I.K. Gujral

Tenure- 21st April 1997 – 19th March 1998 for 332 days

The most important task during his term as PM was his resistance in signing CTBT(Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty). It made a clear way to conduct the Pokhran nuclear tests. He worked towards improving relationship with Pakistan and gave a five-point doctrine known as Gujral Doctrine.

INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS

Manmohan Singh

Tenure – 22nd May 2004 – May 2014

During the tenure of Manmohan Singh work was done to reform the banking as well as financial sector along with public companies. His government brought in the value added tax and worked on pro-industry policies. The National Rural Health Mission was started in 2005. Eight additional IITs were opened in Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh.

BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY

Narendra Modi

Tenure – May 2014- Narendra Damodardas Modi assumed office on May 26, 2014. He is the 15th Prime Minister of India. Since the beginning of his tenure in 2014, Modi has laid down a strict and disciplined system of governance. He has enforced many policies such as the Jan Dhan Yojana, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan – aimed towards cleanliness marking the 150th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi in 5 years, Clean Ganga project, etc. for the upliftment of the nation.