Sunday 18 January 2015

Chief Ministers & Governors of Indian States

In the Republic of India, a chief minister is the head of government of each of twenty-nine states and two union territories(Delhi and Puducherry). According to the Constitution of India, at the state-level, the governor is de jure head, but de factoexecutive authority rests with the chief minister. Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the government. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose council of ministers are collectively responsible to the assembly. Given he has the assembly's confidence, the chief minister's term is usually for a maximum of five years; there are no limits to the number of terms he/she can serve.

Currently, the offices of Chief Minister of Delhi and of Jammu and Kashmir are vacant. Of the twenty-nine incumbents, three are women—Anandiben Patel in Gujarat, Mamata Banerjee in West Bengal, and Vasundhara Raje in Rajasthan. Serving since December 1994 (for 20 years, 34 days), Sikkim's Pawan Kumar Chamling has the longest incumbency. Parkash Singh Badal (b. 1927) of Punjab is the oldest chief minister,while Uttar Pradesh's Akhilesh Yadav (b. 1973) is the youngest. Nine incumbents belong to the Indian National Congress and eight are from the Bharatiya Janata Party; no other party has more than one chief minister in office.

In the Republic of India, a governor is the constitutional head of each of the twenty-nine states. The governor is appointed by the President of India for a term of five years, and holds office at the President's pleasure. The governor is de jure head of the state government; all its executive actions are taken in the governor's name. However, the governor must act on the advice of the popularly elected council of ministers, headed by the chief minister, who thus hold de factoexecutive authority at the state-level. The Constitution of India also empowers the governor to act upon his or her own discretion, such as the ability to appoint or dismiss a ministry, recommend President's rule, or reserve bills for the President's assent. Over the years, the exercise of these discretionary powers have given rise to conflict between the elected chief minister and the central government–appointed governor.

The union territories of Andaman and Nicobar, Delhi and Puducherry are headed by lieutenant-governors. Since Delhi and Puducherry have a measure of self-government with an elected legislature and council of ministers, the role of the lieutenant-governor there is a mostly ceremonial one, akin to that of a state's governor. The other four union territories—Chandigarh;Dadra and Nagar Haveli; Daman and Diu; and Lakshadweep—are governed by an administrator. Unlike the administrators of other territories, who are drawn from amongst theIndian Administrative Service cadre, since 1985 the Governor of Punjab has acted as the ex-officio Administrator of Chandigarh.

Chief Ministers & Governors of Indian States

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